Ki Hajar Dewantara

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Ki Hajar Dewantara was born with the name Raden Mas (R.M.) Suwardi Suryaningrat. He was born on Thursday Legi, May 2, 1889 in Yogyakarta. Ki Hajar Dewantara came from the noble Puro Pakualaman Yogyakarta family.

His father was Kanjeng Pangeran Ario (K.P.A.) Suryaningrat and his mother was Raden Ayu (R.A.) Sandiah. K.P.A. Suryaningrat himself is the son of Paku Alam III. Ki Hajar Dewantara's nickname when he was a child was Denmas Jemblung (distended) because when he was a baby his stomach was distended.

Being a noble family, got him an adequate education. Ki Hajar Dewantara attended Europeesche Lagere School (ELS), an elementary school owned by the Netherlands in the Bintaran village, Yogyakarta. Graduated from ELS Suwardi Suryaningrat entered Kweekschool, a teacher school in Yogyakarta.

Ki Hajar Dewantara also received a medical school scholarship offer. To be precise, the Javanese doctor's school in Jakarta is called STOVIA (School Fit Opleiding Van Indische Artsen). Unfortunately, 4 months later, the scholarship was revoked because Ki Hajar's health was not good.

A few days before the revocation, he also received a scolding from the Director of STOVIA. This is because Ki Hajar Dewantara is considered to have aroused radicalism against the Dutch East Indies Government. This radicalism is said to have been spread through a poem he delivered at a meeting.

Apart from STOVIA, Ki Hajar Dewantara received a special certificate for his proficiency in Dutch. Ki Hajar is also a journalist for the Javanese language newspaper "Sedyotomo", then the Dutch language newspaper "Midden Java in Yogyakarta, and" De Express "in Bandung.

Thanks to his good writings, in 1912 he was asked to take care of the Daily "De Express" Bandung by Dr. E.F.E. Douwes Dekker. His first writing was entitled "Indonesian Independence". In fact, he was also the Editorial Member of the Daily "Kaoem Muda" Bandung, "Oetoesan Hindia" Surabaya, "Tjahaja Timoer" Malang. Likewise in 1912, Ki Hajar Dewantara received an offer from HOS.

The peak of Suwardi Suryaningrat's career in journalism was writing Als ik eens Nederlander was in the Earth Bulletin. This bulletin was printed 5,000 copies and became famous among the public. This is because the writings in the form of criticism are considered very scathing. Until finally Ki Hajar Dewantara, dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, and Dr. E.F.E. Douwes Dekker was arrested and then imprisoned.

The world of journalism that is occupied by Suwardi Suryaningrat has made his relationships broader, his political views are also more developed. He can express the thoughts and problems of his nation through writings in various newspapers, magazines and brochures and shed light on his nation who is afflicted with darkness.

During his exile, Ki Hadjar Dewantara was active in socializing within the student organization from Indonesia, namely Indische Vereeniging (Association of the Indies).

Ki Hajar Dewantara received a lot of knowledge and understanding of the social history of education which was enlightening when he was undergoing exile in the Netherlands. It was there that he studied a lot of educational and teaching issues from Montessori, Dalton, Frobel, Islamic boarding schools and dormitories.

In 1913, Ki Hadjar Dewantara founded the Indonesisch Pers-bureau, or Indonesian news agency. This is where he later pioneered his aspirations to advance the education of the Indonesian people.

He also managed to get a prestigious education certificate in the Netherlands, known as the Europeesche Akta. This diploma was then able to help him establish various educational institutions in Indonesia.

When he was 40 years old, he changed his name to Ki Hadjar Dewantara and was no longer Suwardi Suryaningrat. Likewise, no longer using a peerage in front of his name. This is intended so that he can freely be close to his people.

This teaching experience was then used to develop the concept of teaching for the school he founded on July 3, 1922: Nationaal Onderwijs Instituut Tamansiswa or Perguruan Nasional Tamansiswa.

The first school to be established was an indria garden (kindergarten) and a teacher course, followed by a youth park (SD) and an adult park (SMP concurrently with a teacher's park). After that, it was followed by the establishment of middle parks (SMA), teacher parks (SPG), undergraduate, and wiyata graduates. Within 8 years, Perguruan Tamansiswa has been present in 52 places.

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